Cell+Structure+and+Function

Activity In pairs- you are to investigate the organelle(s) you have been assigned.
 * Cell Organelles:**
 * 1) Cell membrane
 * 2) Nucleus
 * 3) Mitochondria
 * 4) Rough endoplasmic reticulum
 * 5) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
 * 6) Golgi apparatus
 * 7) Lysosome
 * 8) Chloroplast
 * 9) Vacuoles

Use the internet and the two textbooks provided to find information on your organelle(s). Answer the questions below to help you with your search.
 * Where in the cell is the organelle found?
 * What does it look like?
 * What is its function in the cell? (what jobs does it do)
 * Is it found in animal and plant cells?
 * Is it more/less common in certain types of cells?

Your turn to be the teacher! When you have collected all of your information, you are to design a power point presentation which you will use to teach the rest of the class about your organelle(s). This power point must include pictures of the organelle, the information from your answers to the questions above, and any other information you think is important to include. Remember your peers are relying on you to teach them everything they need to know in their final exam. Make it memorable. (Thanks to Aimee Elliot for this task).

[] Hangman to practice matching cell organelles and their functions.

[] Matching terms for structure and function of cell organelles.

[] Matching terms for structure and function of cell organelles.

[] Extra for experts.

Cell Membranes - some important roles, to separate areas of a cell, and to separate the inside of a cell from the outside of a cell, to allow movement of some materials across the membrane to be the location of many chemical reactions because the enzymes hang out there. What are the key words to describe the structure of membranes? Can you confidently use these words. Phospho lipid bilayer Fluid mosaic Protein channels Ion channels.

Transport across the cell membrane can be by one of four methods. You have to know the differences between the methods.
 * Method of transport || Osmosis...... || Passive Diffusion... || Facilitated Diffusion.... || Active Transport..... ||
 * What is moving? ||  ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Which way is it moving? ||  ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Does it require the cell to use ATP ? ||  ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Key words. ||  ||   ||   ||   ||

Three Cell processes.
Respiration, Photosynthesis and Cell Division (on a separate page). Quick link to that page from here.

Each process occurs in a specific organelle,and is controlled by specific enzymes. The structure of the organelle relates to the process, the raw materials and the products involved.

Respiration
[|Mitochondria]are the organelles where respiration occurs. This is the process. Nah just kidding. It is but this is not what we want.



There are three steps. Glucose comes in to the cell, it begins Glycolysis in the cytoplasm.This releases a small amount of ATP for the cell to use. The products of this step enter the mitochondria. They enter the Krebs Cycle (also known as the citric acid cycle) where more ATP and H molecules are released. The H molecules enter the Electron Transfer Chain, the last step. This part releases the most ATP to the cell.

Now you tell me; step one step two step three

What is the main point of respiration? What is the valuable product? What are the waste products?

Where does respiration take place? which sort of cells have mitochondria? Why do mitochondria have membranes inside their structure?

So Mr Andersen does it well, lets view his podcast on cellular respiration. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gh2P5CmCC0M

Photosynthesis
[|Chloroplast]s are the organelle that is the site of photosynthesis. Only cells that contain chloroplast can do photosynthesis. We have observed them inside cells in the slide diagrams.

The chloroplasts contain all the enzymes that control the steps of photosynthesis. The reactions take place a long the membranes inside the chloroplasts.

The chloroplast takes light energy and uses it to split water into H and O ,the O is released as Oxygen molecules. The H is retained. Another step involves trapping or fixing Carbon Dioxide gas. The carbon dioxide and Hydrogen are combined to form glucose.

According to biologyabout.com

"In photosynthesis, the sun's solar energy is converted to chemical energy. The chemical energy is stored in the form of glucose (sugar). Carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight are used to produce glucose, oxygen, and water. Photosynthesis occurs in two stages. These stages are known as the light reaction stage and the dark reaction stage. The **light dependent stage** takes place in the presence of light and occurs within the chloroplast grana. The primary pigment used to convert light energy into chemical energy is **chlorophyll a** . Other pigments involved in light absorption include chlorophyll b, xanthophyll, and carotene. In the light reaction stage, sunlight is converted to chemical energy in the form of ATP (free energy containing molecule) and NADPH (high energy electron carrying molecule). Both ATP and NADPH are used in the dark reaction stage to produce sugar. The **light independent stage** is also known as the carbon fixation stage or the Calvin cycle. These reactions occur in the stroma. The stroma contains enzymes which facilitate a series of reactions that use ATP, NADPH, and carbon dioxide to produce sugar. The sugar can be stored in the form of starch, used during respiration, or used in the production of cellulose."

So your turn,

What are the raw materials of photosynthesis? What are the useful products? What does the chloroplast need in the Light Dependent Phase? Which cells are able to do photosynthesis?

For another view lets go to Mr Andersen, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g78utcLQrJ4

How do the two processes complement each other?

Complete the table.
 * = ===Processes.......===

||= ===......Raw materials.......=== ||= ===.....Products............=== ||= ===Organelle involved.........=== ||= ===.....Cell types............=== || . ||=  ||=   ||=   ||=   || . ||=   ||=   ||=   ||=   || two more viewing opportunities, the same thing in a different way, Crash course in biology Photosynthesis https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sQK3Yr4Sc_k and Respiration https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=00jbG_cfGuQ
 * = ===Respiration===
 * = ===Photosynthesis===

=Rate of reaction=

How do cells work it so that the organelles are getting maximum whatever they need to function at the optimum rate? Where do mitochondria and chloroplast position themselves inside the cell? What do they have inside themselves to increase the rate of reaction?

Did I hear you think ENZYMES, located on the MEMBRANES which are all folded up to increase their surface area, Did I hear you think the organelles are close to the edge of the cell membrane so raw materials don't have to diffuse far into the cell.

from http://csls-text3.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp/active/11_00.html

Identify the cell organelles from these micrographs and state the function they are responsible for. What special features do they have (like closeness to the cell membrane, extended membranes)